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Bowel obstructions are defined by a partial or total intestinal transit.
3 types of occlusions:
- Ileus paralytic, also known as "so-called intestinal obstruction"
- Intestinal strangulation
- Simple mechanical obstruction
Risk factors:
- A cancerous tumor, benign or malignant
- A circulatory intestinal deficit may cause an infarction
- A lack or a disappearance of intestinal peristalsis
- A strangulation, a twist of the intestines by a flange (scar) or a twist of a bit too long sigmoid colon consequence
Symptoms:
- Meteorism
- Strong pain
- Transit stop
- Vomiting
Treatment:
- Surgery
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Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) describes two similar yet distinct conditions called Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. These diseases affect the digestive system and cause the intestinal tissue to become inflamed, form sores and bleed easily. Symptoms include abdominal pain, cramping, fatigue and diarrhea.
Crohn's disease can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract, from the mouth to the anus. Patches of inflammation occur, with healthy tissue between the diseased areas. The inflammation can extend through every layer of affected bowel tissue. Crohn's disease can not be cured by drugs or surgery, although either or both can help relieve symptoms.
Ulcerative colitis affects only the inner layer of the colon, or large bowel. It always starts in the rectum and may extend as a continuous inflammation from there into the rest of the colon. Usually ulcerative colitis can be controlled with medication. The disease can be completely eliminated by surgically removing the colon, but afterward, waste material may have to be stored and expelled through an external appliance.
Source: Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of Canada
Rectocolitis is an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that affects the lining of the large intestine and its cause remains unknown.
Symptoms mainly consist of a painful and bloody diarrhea that can last from several weeks to several months, rectal burns, colic and sometimes false needs.
Causality factors are still largely unknown. Theories suggest several possibilities: genetic predisposition, bacteria and quitting smoking for some people.
Treatment against this disease is mainly based on salicylates. As a last resort, surgery will be used to cure the disease in the optics that the rectum and the colon are removed.
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Colorectal cancer is a malignant tumor of the large intestine. Although it can develop in any part of the colon, it most commonly affects the sigmoid part of the colon and the closed portion of the rectum.
Symptoms:
- Anemia
- Dark saddles, possibly bright red
- Deep fatigue
- Discomfort or pain in lower abdomen
- Important weight loss in a short period of time
- Nausea and vomiting
- Unusual saddles
Risk Factors:
- Age
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease
- Inheritance
- Lifestyle: diet, lack of physical activity, alcohol, tobacco
- Weight
Tests for diagnosing:
- Barium enema (gastrointestinal radiography)
- Biopsy
- Colonoscopy
- MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
- Radiography
- Sigmoidoscopy
- Ultrasound
Treatments:
- Chemotherapy
- Extraction of the tumor
- Radiotherapy
- Surgery (colostomy)
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Hirschsprung’s disease is a rare disease that develops primarily in a sporadic form (no family history), although some familial forms have been discovered.
This is an anomaly in the operation of the terminal part of the intestine which results in constipation or bowel obstruction. This anomaly arises from the lack of congenital development of neuroglioma cells that ensure the transmission of necessary information for intestinal control.
Newborns and infants between 3 and 5 months are affected by this disease. It can affect the colon, the sigmoid or the rectum.
Manifestations:
- Abdomen’s bloating
- Rare saddles that can be very firm, very difficult to evacuate, sometimes alternating with episodes of diarrhea.
Symptoms:
- Chronic constipation
- Inflammation of the intestine
Tests for diagnosing:
- Ante-natal ultrasound
- Electromyography
- Manometry
Treatments:
- Colostomy: when the colon is affected in its entirety
- Colotomy
- Introduction of a catheter into the rectum
- Make slight enemas
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Bladder cancer starts in the cells of the bladder. Nearly all bladder cancers start in the lining of the bladder. Cancer that is only in the lining is called superficial bladder cancer. If the cancer spreads into the muscle wall of the bladder, it is called invasive bladder cancer.
Source: Canadian cancer society
Symptoms:
- Bladder spasms
- Decrease in bladder capacity
- Frequent urination
- Inability to urinate
- Pain in lower back
- Pain or burning sensation during urination
- Urgent need to urinate
Risk Factors:
- Age
- Ethnicity
- Exposure to some types of industrial chemicals
- Family history of bladder cancer and personal inheritance
- Treatment with certain medications such as cyclophosphamide (used to treat cancer and some other conditions)
Tests for diagnosing:
- Biopsy
- Blood tests
- Cystoscopy
- Imaging studies
- Intravenous urography
- Urine tests
Treatments:
- Biological Therapy
- Chemotherapy
- Radiotherapy
- Surgery biologique
